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; ; Introduction ; X2 C " *** Welcome To The Necromancer Chess Tutorial *** " P05 " This animated chess tutorial will show you everything you need to know to start playing chess. " P10 " Now pay attention! " P03 " Chess is played on an 8 x 8 board of light and dark squares. " P05 " Always turn the board so that a light-colored square is in the lower-right corner. " P05 " 'Light on Right' is an easy way to remember this. " P05 DWPa4 DWPb4 DWPc4 DWPd4 DWPe4 DWPf4 DWPg4 DWPh4 " The rows of the chess board are called RANKS (1 to 8). These Pawns are all on the fourth rank. " P10 C DWPd1 DWPd2 DWPd3 DWPd4 DWPd5 DWPd6 DWPd7 DWPd8 " The columns of the board are called FILES (a to h). These Pawns are all on the d-file. " P10 C " To help you remember which is which, notice that RANK and ROW both start with 'R'. " P10 " Chess is a war between two opposing armies: White and Black. " P05 " Each army has a King, a Queen, two Rooks, two Bishops, two Knights, and eight Pawns. " P10 " Let's start by setting up the White army on our side of the board. " P10 " Put one Rook at each end of the first rank. The Rook looks like a castle or tower. " P05 DWRa1 P01 DWRh1 P01 " Next to each Rook, place a Knight. The Knights look like horses. " P05 DWNb1 P01 DWNg1 P01 " Add a Bishop next to each Knight. You can tell the Bishop by the notch in his hat. " P05 DWBc1 P01 DWBf1 P01 " There are two empty squares left on the near rank. The Queen is placed on the square that matches her dress. " P10 DWQd1 P01 " An easy way to remember where the Queen goes is 'Queen on Color'. (White Queen on a White square). " P10 " The King goes on the last empty square. " P05 DWKe1 P01 " At the front of the army go the Pawns, or foot soldiers. Put one Pawn directly in front of each piece. " P10 DWPa2 P01 DWPb2 P01 DWPc2 P01 DWPd2 P01 DWPe2 P01 DWPf2 P01 DWPg2 P01 DWPh2 P01 " Now let's quickly set up Black's pieces. Black's pieces always start on the eigth rank. " P10 " Two Black Rooks... " P02 DBRa8 DBRh8 P03 " Two Black Knights... " P02 DBNb8 DBNg8 P03 " Two Black Bishops... " P02 DBBc8 DBBf8 P03 " Queen on Color! (Black Queen on Black Square) " P02 DBQd8 P03 " The Black King. " P02 DBKe8 P03 " Pawns in front of pieces. " P02 DBPa7 P01 DBPb7 P01 DBPc7 P01 DBPd7 P01 DBPe7 P01 DBPf7 P01 DBPg7 P01 DBPh7 " White always makes the first move in a game. " P10 " Now we're ready to play Chess! " P05 " Starting with White, each side takes turns moving. " P05 MWPe2e4 P02 MBPe7e5 P02 MWNg1f3 P02 MBNb8c6 P02 MWBf1b5 P02 MBPa7a6 P02 MWBb5a4 P02 MBNg8f6 P02 " As you can see, you are allowed to move only ONE piece on each turn. " P05 Z ; ; The Pieces - introduction ; X2 C " *** The Chessmen - Introduction *** " P05 " There are 6 different chess pieces... " P05 DWKe1 DBKe8 " Kings, " P05 D--e1 D--e8 DWQd1 DBQd8 " Queens, " P05 D--d1 D--d8 DWRa1 DWRh1 DBRa8 DBRh8 " Rooks, " P05 D--a1 D--h1 D--a8 D--h8 DWNb1 DWNg1 DBNb8 DBNg8 " Knights, " P05 D--b1 D--g1 D--b8 D--g8 DWBc1 DWBf1 DBBc8 DBBf8 " Bishops, " P05 D--c1 D--f1 D--c8 D--f8 DWPa2 DWPb2 DWPc2 DWPd2 DWPe2 DWPf2 DWPg2 DWPh2 DBPa7 DBPb7 DBPc7 DBPd7 DBPe7 DBPf7 DBPg7 DBPh7 " and Pawns. " P05 D--a2 D--b2 D--c2 D--d2 D--e2 D--f2 D--g2 D--h2 D--a7 D--b7 D--c7 D--d7 D--e7 D--f7 D--g7 D--h7 " Each piece has its own way of moving on the chess board. " P05 " To play chess, you must learn how each piece moves. " P05 C Z ; ; The King ; X2 C " *** The King *** " P03 DBKe8 DWKe1 " The King is the most important chess piece. " P05 " If you capture your opponent's King, you WIN!! " P05 " If your King is captured, you lose! " P05 " Actually, the King is never really captured. You win by showing that you could capture your opponent's King on your next move, and there is no move your opponent can make to prevent that from happening. " P15 " This situation is called CHECKMATE. " P05 " After we see how the other pieces move, we will return to the subject of checkmate. " P05 " But first, let's look at how the King moves. " P05 D--e8 D--e1 DWKe2 GWKe3 GWKf3 GWKf2 GWKf1 GWKe1 GWKd1 GWKd2 GWKd3 " The King can move one square in any direction. (The ghost Kings show the squares to which this White King can legally move.) " P10 " Important Rule #1: you may never move one of your pieces (even the King) to a square occupied by another of your pieces. " P10 D--f2 DWPf2 " For example, the White King on e2 can move to every square EXCEPT f2, which is occupied by another White piece (a Pawn). " P10 " Important Rule #2: If an OPPOSING piece occupies a square to which you can move, you can CAPTURE the opposing piece by moving to that square, and removing your opponent's piece from the board. " P15 D--e3 DBPe3 " For example, the White King can capture the Black Pawn on e3 because the White King can move to that square. " P05 MWKe2e3 " King takes (captures) Pawn. " P05 D--f2 GWKd4 GWKe4 GWKf4 GWKd3 GWKf3 GWKd2 GWKe2 GWKf2 D--d1 D--e1 D--f1 " Although the King is the most important piece, it is also one of the weakest, because it can't move very far in a single turn. " P05 " To win the game, the King must rely on the rest of his army. " P10 C Z ; ; How to move the Queen ; X2 C " *** The Queen *** " P03 DBQd8 DWQd1 P05 D--d8 D--d1 DWQd4 GWQa4 GWQb4 GWQc4 GWQe4 GWQf4 GWQg4 GWQh4 P03 " The Queen can move horizontally along a rank, " P05 GWQd1 GWQd2 GWQd3 GWQd5 GWQd6 GWQd7 GWQd8 P03 " vertically on a file, " P05 ; ; Draw diagonal ghosts ; GWQa1 GWQb2 GWQc3 GWQe5 GWQf6 GWQg7 GWQh8 GWQa7 GWQb6 GWQc5 GWQe3 GWQf2 GWQg1 P03 " or along either diagonal. " P05 GWQa4 GWQb4 GWQc4 GWQe4 D--f4 DWPf4 D--g4 D--h4 " The Queen cannot move OVER another piece (of either color). Here the White Queen is blocked by the White Pawn on f4, and cannot reach g4 or h4. " P10 GWQd5 GWQd6 D--d7 DBPd7 D--d8 " This Black Pawn on d7 blocks the White Queen as well. " P05 " Like the King, the Queen may capture the Black Pawn by moving to the square it occupies (but no farther). " P10 MWQd4d7 " Queen takes Pawn. " P05 C DWQd4 ; Diagonal Ghosts GWQa1 GWQb2 GWQc3 GWQe5 GWQf6 GWQg7 GWQh8 GWQa7 GWQb6 GWQc5 GWQe3 GWQf2 GWQg1 ; Horizontal Ghosts GWQa4 GWQb4 GWQc4 GWQe4 GWQf4 GWQg4 GWQh4 ; Vertical Ghosts GWQd1 GWQd2 GWQd3 GWQd5 GWQd6 GWQd7 GWQd8 " The Queen is a very powerful piece because of its ability to attack so many squares simultaneously. " P10 C Z ; ; How to move the Rook ; X2 C " *** The Rook *** " P03 DWRa1 DBRa8 DWRh1 DBRh8 P05 D--a1 D--a8 D--h1 D--h8 DWRd4 GWRa4 GWRb4 GWRc4 GWRe4 GWRf4 GWRg4 GWRh4 P02 " The Rook moves horizontally along ranks... " P05 GWRd1 GWRd2 GWRd3 GWRd5 GWRd6 GWRd7 GWRd8 P02 " and vertically along files. " P05 GWRa4 GWRb4 GWRc4 GWRe4 GWRf4 GWRg4 GWRh4 D--g4 D--h4 D--f4 DBPf4 " The Rook cannot move OVER another piece (of either color). Here the White Rook is blocked by the Black Pawn on f4, and cannot reach g4 or h4. " P10 " When blocked by an OPPONENT's piece, the Rook may capture it by moving to the square it occupies. " P05 D--d1 D--d2 D--d3 D--a4 D--b4 D--c4 D--e4 D--g4 D--h4 D--d5 D--a4 D--b4 D--c4 D--e4 D--d7 D--d6 D--d8 MWRd4f4 " Rook takes Pawn. " P05 C DWRd4 ; Vertical Ghosts GWRd1 GWRd2 GWRd3 GWRd5 GWRd6 GWRd7 GWRd8 ; Horizontal Ghosts GWRa4 GWRb4 GWRc4 GWRe4 GWRf4 GWRg4 GWRh4 " Like the Queen, the Rook is a strong piece because of its ability to attack several squares simultaneously. " P10 C Z ; ; How to move the Bishop ; X2 C " *** The Bishop *** " P03 DWBc1 DBBc8 DWBf1 DBBf8 P05 ; ; Draw diagonal ghosts ; D--c1 D--c8 D--f1 D--f8 DWBd4 GWBa1 GWBb2 GWBc3 GWBe5 GWBf6 GWBg7 GWBh8 GWBa7 GWBb6 GWBc5 GWBe3 GWBf2 GWBg1 " The Bishop moves along either diagonal. " P05 " Notice that the Bishop always moves to squares of the same color as the one it starts on. " P05 " This White Bishop is restricted to diagonals made up of DARK squares. " P05 C GBBb1 GBBc2 GBBd3 DBBe4 GBBf5 GBBg6 GBBh7 GBBa8 GBBb7 GBBc6 GBBd5 GBBf3 GBBg2 GBBh1 P03 " This Black Bishop is restricted to diagonals made up of LIGHT squares. " P05 C DWBc1 DBBc8 DWBf1 DBBf8 " Each side begins the game with two Bishops: one that moves on light-colored squares and one that moves on dark-colored squares. " P05 GWBb2 GWBa3 GWBd2 GWBe3 GWBf4 GWBg5 GWBh6 " White's DARK-diagonal Bishop " P05 D--b2 D--a3 D--d2 D--e3 D--f4 D--g5 D--h6 GWBg2 GWBh3 GWBe2 GWBd3 GWBc4 GWBb5 GWBa6 " White's LIGHT-diagonal Bishop " P05 D--g2 D--h3 D--e2 D--d3 D--c4 D--b5 D--a6 GBBb7 GBBa6 GBBd7 GBBe6 GBBf5 GBBg4 GBBh3 " Black's LIGHT-diagonal Bishop " P05 D--b7 D--a6 D--d7 D--e6 D--f5 D--g4 D--h3 GBBg7 GBBh6 GBBe7 GBBd6 GBBc5 GBBb4 GBBa3 " Black's DARK-diagonal Bishop " P05 D--g7 D--h6 D--e7 D--d6 D--c5 D--b4 D--a3 D--c1 D--c8 D--f8 " Like the Queen, the Bishop cannot move over another piece. " P05 GWBg2 GWBh3 GWBe2 GWBd3 DBRc4 " Here the Black Rook blocks the White Bishop from reaching b5 and a6. " P10 " As usual, if the blocking piece belongs to the opposing color, the Bishop can capture it simply by moving to that square. " P05 D--g2 D--h3 D--e2 D--d3 MWBf1c4 " Bishop takes Rook. " P05 C DWBd4 GWBa1 GWBb2 GWBc3 GWBe5 GWBf6 GWBg7 GWBh8 GWBa7 GWBb6 GWBc5 GWBe3 GWBf2 GWBg1 " Because it attacks fewer squares, and is restricted to light or dark squares, the Bishop is a weaker piece than the Queen or Rook. " P10 C Z ; ; How to move the Knight ; X2 C DWNb1 DWNg1 DBNb8 DBNg8 " *** The Knight *** " P05 ; draw ghosts ; D--b1 D--g1 D--b8 D--g8 DWNd4 " The Knight makes L-shaped moves. Two squares along a rank or file, and then one square at a right angle. " P10 " For example, two squares along the fourth rank... " P03 MWNd4b4 P05 " and one square at a right angle along the b-file. (We could also have moved to b5.) " P03 MWNb4b3 P05 " Or, two squares along a file... " P03 MWNb3b5 P05 " and then one square along the fifth rank. (We could also have moved to a5.) " P03 MWNb5c5 P05 D--c5 " Here are all the squares that this Knight (on d4) can reach. " P03 DWNd4 GWNc6 GWNe6 GWNc2 GWNe2 GWNf5 GWNf3 GWNb5 GWNb3 P05 " Notice that the Knight always lands on a square of a different color from the one it starts on. " P10 " The Knight is special: it jumps OVER pieces. " P05 DBRe2 D--b3 DWPb3 " As always, you cannot move the Knight to a square containing another piece of the same color (e.g. b3), " P10 " But you can capture an opponent's piece that occupies the destination square. " P05 MWNd4e2 " Knight takes Rook. " P05 D--b3 D--c6 D--e6 D--c2 D--e2 D--f5 D--f3 D--b5 DWNd4 GWNc6 GWNe6 GWNc2 GWNe2 GWNf5 GWNf3 GWNb5 GWNb3 " The Knight, like the Bishop, is considered to be less powerful than the Queen or Rook. Even though it attacks fewer squares than a Bishop, its jumping ability makes it a valuable piece. " P10 C Z ; ; How to move the Pawn ; X2 C DWPa2 DWPb2 DWPc2 DWPd2 DWPe2 DWPf2 DWPg2 DWPh2 DBPa7 DBPb7 DBPc7 DBPd7 DBPe7 DBPf7 DBPg7 DBPh7 " *** The Pawn *** " P05 C D--d4 DWPa2 DWPb2 DWPc2 DWPd2 DWPe2 DWPf2 DWPg2 DWPh2 " All White Pawns start from the second rank. " P05 C DBPa7 DBPb7 DBPc7 DBPd7 DBPe7 DBPf7 DBPg7 DBPh7 " All Black Pawns start from the seventh rank. " P05 DWPa2 DWPb2 DWPc2 DWPd2 DWPe2 DWPf2 DWPg2 DWPh2 " Pawns always move towards the opposite side of the board. " P03 GWPe3 GWPe4 " From its starting square, a Pawn may travel one or two squares forward. " P05 ; ghost and slide e2-e4 " Two squares... " P03 MWPe2e4 D--e3 P01 ; ghost and slide d7-d6 GBPd6 GBPd5 P01 " One Square... " P03 MBPd7d6 D--d5 P01 ; ghost and slide f2-f3 GWPf3 GWPf4 P01 " One Square... " P03 MWPf2f3 D--f4 P01 ; ghost and slide e7-e5 GBPe6 GBPe5 P01 " Two squares... " P03 MBPe7e5 D--e6 P01 " The first time a Pawn is moved, it's the player's choice. " P05 GWPf4 " A Pawn which has already moved, like the one on f3, may only move one square forward per move. " P07 D--f4 MWPf3f4 P02 C DBRe3 DWPe2 " Unlike other pieces, the Pawn cannot capture an opposing piece which lies in its path. " P05 " Here, the White Pawn cannot capture the Black Rook. " P05 D--e3 D--e2 DBPf4 DWQf3 DWNe3 DWRg3 " A Pawn can only capture a piece which occupies one of the two squares diagonally in front of it. " P05 GWNe3 GWRg3 " Here, the Black Pawn can capture either the White Rook or White Knight... " P05 " but not the White Queen. " P05 D--e3 D--g3 DWNe3 DWRg3 P01 MBPf4e3 " Pawn takes Knight. " P05 " Pawns are the least valuable piece. But don't throw them away thoughtlessly. A single Pawn can sometimes mean the difference between winning and losing! " P10 C Z ; ; Summary of piece movement ; X2 C " Here is a quick summary of what we've learned about the chess pieces. " P05 " Important Rule #1: you may never move one of your pieces to a square occupied by another of your pieces. " P10 " Important Rule #2: If an OPPOSING piece occupies a square to which you can move, you can CAPTURE the opposing piece by moving to that square, and removing your opponent's piece from the board. " P15 DWKe4 GWKd5 GWKe5 GWKf5 GWKd4 GWKf4 GWKd3 GWKe3 GWKf3 " The King moves one square in any direction. " P10 D--e4 G--d5 G--e5 G--f5 G--d4 G--f4 G--d3 G--e3 G--f3 D--d5 D--e5 D--f5 D--d4 D--f4 D--d3 D--e3 D--f3 DWQd4 ; horizontal ghosts GWQa4 GWQb4 GWQc4 GWQe4 GWQf4 GWQg4 GWQh4 ; vertical ghosts GWQd1 GWQd2 GWQd3 GWQd5 GWQd6 GWQd7 GWQd8 ; diagonal ghosts GWQa1 GWQb2 GWQc3 GWQe5 GWQf6 GWQg7 GWQh8 GWQa7 GWQb6 GWQc5 GWQe3 GWQf2 GWQg1 " The Queen moves along ranks, files, and diagonals. " P10 C DWRd4 ; horizontal ghosts GWRa4 GWRb4 GWRc4 GWRe4 GWRf4 GWRg4 GWRh4 ; vertical ghosts GWRd1 GWRd2 GWRd3 GWRd5 GWRd6 GWRd7 GWRd8 " The Rook moves along ranks and files. " P10 C DWBd4 ; diagonal ghosts GWBa1 GWBb2 GWBc3 GWBe5 GWBf6 GWBg7 GWBh8 GWBa7 GWBb6 GWBc5 GWBe3 GWBf2 GWBg1 " The Bishop moves along light or dark diagonals. " P10 C DWNd4 ; Knight ghosts ; GWNc6 GWNe6 GWNc2 GWNe2 GWNf5 GWNf3 GWNb5 GWNb3 " The Knight makes L-shaped moves. Two squares along a rank or file, and then one square at a right angle. " P10 C DWPd3 GWPd4 " Pawns normally move one square towards the opposite side of the board, except when capturing. " P05 D--d4 GBPc4 GBPe4 " Pawns move forward, but capture DIAGONALLY!! All the other pieces capture the same way they move. " P05 C DWPe2 GWPe3 GWPe4 " The FIRST time it is moved, a Pawn may travel one or two squares forward. " P10 C " Except for special moves (castling, promotion, and en passant captures), that's all there is to know about moving the various chess pieces. " P10 C Z; ; Check and Checkmate ; X2 C " *** Check and Checkmate *** " P05 DWKe3 DBKe8 DBRh4 DBNb8 DWQd1 " If it is your turn to move, and your King could be captured on your opponent's next move, you are IN CHECK. " P10 MWQd1a4 " Check! " P03 " Here, the White Queen threatens to capture the Black King, so Black is in check. " P05 " If your King is in check, your very next move MUST remove the threat. " P05 " There are 3 ways to remove a threat to your King. " P05 " 1) Move your King to a square which is not attacked by your opponent. " P03 MBKe8f8 P02 " Or... " P02 MBKf8e8 " 2) Capture the threatening piece with one of your pieces. " P03 MBRh4a4 P02 " Or... " P02 MBRa4h4 DWQa4 " 3) Block the threat by moving one of your other pieces. " P03 MBNb8d7 P02 MBNd7b8 P01 " If you cannot do one of these 3 things, you are CHECKMATED and you have lost the game. " P05 C ; White's Starting Position DWRa1 DWNb1 DWBc1 DWQd1 DWKe1 DWBf1 DWNg1 DWRh1 DWPa2 DWPb2 DWPc2 DWPd2 DWPe2 DWPf2 DWPg2 DWPh2 ; Black's Starting Position DBRa8 DBNb8 DBBc8 DBQd8 DBKe8 DBBf8 DBNg8 DBRh8 DBPa7 DBPb7 DBPc7 DBPd7 DBPe7 DBPf7 DBPg7 DBPh7 " Here is a very simple example (known as the Fool's Mate)... " P05 MWPf2f3 P02 MBPe7e5 P02 MWPg2g4 P02 MBQd8h4 " Checkmate, Black wins! " P05 " White cannot move his King out of check, capture Black's Queen, or block the Black Queen's attack on e1, so White is checkmated, and Black wins. " P10 " The object of the game is to checkmate your opponent, while avoiding being checkmated yourself. " P10 C DBKe8 DBRh2 DWKe1 " By the way: you are not allowed to move INTO check. In other words, you cannot make a move which allows your opponent to capture your King. " P10 " For example, the White King cannot move to e2, d2, or f2. " P05 " All those moves would allow Black's Rook to capture the White King immediately. White would be giving up by making such a move. " P10 " If you are certain that you cannot win, you may RESIGN, rather than waiting for your opponent to checkmate you. This says to your opponent, "OK, you win!" " P10 C Z ; ; Stalemate ; X2 C " *** Stalemate *** " P05 " A STALEMATE occurs when the side to move is not in check, AND all possible moves place that side in check. " P10 " Since it is illegal to move into check, the side to move cannot move, BUT the side to move is not in check, so it's not checkmate. " P10 " The result: STALEMATE, which is considered to be a draw (neither side wins). " P05 DWKf3 DWRg7 DBKh2 " Here's an example. (Assume it is White's turn to move.) " P08 " White starts by making a bad move... " P03 MWRg7g2 " Check! " P03 " Black is in check, so he must move out of the way. " P05 MBKh2h1 P02 " White now makes another bad move. " P03 MWKf3f2 P02 " It is now Black's turn. The only possible moves (King to h2 or g1) would put his King in check, which is illegal. " P10 " Since Black cannot move, but is not in check... " P05 " Stalemate! " P05 " Black was lucky. White SHOULD have won this game with King and Rook against King. " P05 C DWKf3 DWRg7 DBKh2 " Here's how: " P03 " White starts by moving: " P03 MWRg7g3 P02 " Black's only legal move is: " P03 MBKh2h1 P02 " White responds with: " P03 MWRg3h3 " Check! " P02 " Again, Black has only one legal move: " P03 MBKh1g1 P03 " Here's the tricky part: White needs to "waste" one move so that Black will be forced into a desired position (this is called temporizing). " P10 " White temporizes with: " P02 MWRh3h4 P02 " Black is forced to move: " P03 MBKg1f1 P02 " And now White wins with: " P01 MWRh4h1 " Checkmate! " P05 " A good chess player must understand checkmate AND stalemate. In the first example, Black avoided a certain loss because White did not see the possibility of a stalemate. " P10 C Z ; ; En Passant ; X2 C " *** Special Moves: En Passant *** " P05 " En Passant is a special type of capture move for Pawns ONLY. " P05 DWPe4 DBPf7 " Suppose you have just moved your White Pawn to e5 " P05 MWPe4e5 P01 " and your opponent replies by moving his Pawn two squares forward to f5, landing next to you. " P05 MBPf7f5 P01 " In this case, you are allowed to capture his Pawn EN PASSANT (in passing), by moving your Pawn diagonally behind him on your very next move. " P05 MWPe5f6 " Pawn takes Pawn, en passant. " P03 D--f5 P03 D--f6 " You may capture en passant ONLY when your opponent has moved his Pawn two squares forward on the previous move. " P05 DWPa2 DBPb4 " Here is an example of Black capturing White's Pawn en passant. " P05 MWPa2a4 P01 " White has just moved his Pawn two squares forward. " P05 MBPb4a3 P01 D--a4 P01 " And the Black Pawn captures on the very next move by moving diagonally behind the White Pawn. " P05 D--a3 " This is a useful move when your opponent tries to sneak his Pawn past yours by moving two squares. " P05 " But remember: if you wish to capture en passant, you must do so on your very next move. " P10 C Z ; ; Castling ; X2 C " *** Special Moves: Castling *** " P05 ; draw King and Rooks DWKe1 DWRa1 DWRh1 " Castling is a special move involving the King and either Rook. " P05 ; show King destination squares GWKg1 GWKc1 " The basic move involves moving the King two squares towards the Rook. " P05 ; erase Queenside destination, and slide Kingside D--c1 MWKe1g1 P02 " The Rook is then placed on the other side of the King. " P05 MWRh1f1 P02 D--f1 D--g1 DWKe1 DWRh1 " Castling may be performed with either Rook. " P03 ; show King destination squares GWKg1 GWKc1 P03 D--g1 MWKe1c1 MWRa1d1 P02 D--c1 D--d1 DWKe1 DWRa1 DWRh1 GWKg1 " If the King is moved towards the nearer Rook (on the King's side of the board)... " P05 D--g1 MWKe1g1 MWRh1f1 P01 " It is called CASTLING KINGSIDE (written O-O). " P05 D--f1 D--g1 GWKc1 DWKe1 DWRh1 " If the King is moved towards the other Rook (on the Queen's side of the board)... " P05 D--c1 MWKe1c1 MWRa1d1 P01 " It is called CASTLING QUEENSIDE (written O-O-O). " P05 D--c1 D--d1 DWKe1 DWRa1 " To be legal, the King and Rook must have never moved from their starting squares... " P05 " The squares between the King and Rook must be unoccupied... " P05 " The King cannot be in check... " P05 " And the square which the King passes over cannot be under attack. Of course, the King can never be moved INTO check, so the destination can't be under attack either. " P10 " It is usually a good idea to castle early in the game, as it protects the King and gives the Rook a chance to control the center files. " P10 C Z ; ; Promotion ; X2 C " *** Special Moves: Promotion *** " P05 DWKa1 DWPe2 DBKb8 DBPa7 " When a Pawn reaches the opposite side of the Board... " P05 MWPe2e4 P02 MBPa7a5 P02 MWPe4e5 P02 MBKb8b7 P02 MWPe5e6 P02 MBKb7b6 P02 MWPe6e7 P02 MBPa5a4 P02 MWPe7e8 " It must be PROMOTED to a Queen, Rook, Bishop, or Knight. " P03 DWQe8 P05 " Normally, you will choose to promote your Pawn to a Queen. " P05 C DBPa7 DBKh7 DBPh6 DWRg8 DWBe6 DWPf7 DWKe1 " Promoting a pawn to a Piece other than a Queen is referred to as UNDERPROMOTION. " P05 " Here, White underpromotes a Pawn to a Knight to achieve Checkmate. " P05 MWPf7f8 P02 DWNf8 " Checkmate! " P05 C DWKe1 DBKe8 DBPa4 " Because of promotion, an opponent's Pawn which is unopposed is a dangerous threat. " P05 " Here, the White King is too far away to capture the Black Pawn. " P05 MBPa4a3 P02 MWKe1d1 P02 MBPa3a2 P02 MWKd1c1 P02 MBPa2a1 P02 DBQa1 " Black can now win the game with ease. " P05 " Remember: only Pawns can be promoted. This makes them more valuable than they might seem at first glance. A promotion can instantly change the balance of power in a game. " P10 " By the way: You may promote a Pawn to a Queen even if you already have one (or more) on the board. It is possible (but unlikely in the extreme) to promote all eight of your Pawns to other pieces. " P10 C Z ; ; Standard Notation ; X2 C " *** Standard Chess Notation *** " P05 " Standard Chess Notation is the generally accepted method of writing down the moves in a chess game. " P05 " It is very easy to learn, and will increase your enjoyment of Chess. " P05 " To describe a move in Standard Chess Notation, start by writing down the letter of the piece that is moving. " P05 DWKe3 " K for a King... " P05 DWQe3 " Q for a Queen... " P05 DWRe3 " R for a Rook... " P05 DWBe3 " B for a Bishop... " P05 DWNe3 " N for a Knight... " P05 D--e3 DWPe3 " If a Pawn is moving, don't write down anything. " P05 " Then, write down the file (a - h) and rank (1 - 8) of that piece's destination square. " P10 C ; White's Starting Position DWRa1 DWNb1 DWBc1 DWQd1 DWKe1 DWBf1 DWNg1 DWRh1 DWPa2 DWPb2 DWPc2 DWPd2 DWPe2 DWPf2 DWPg2 DWPh2 ; Black's Starting Position DBRa8 DBNb8 DBBc8 DBQd8 DBKe8 DBBf8 DBNg8 DBRh8 DBPa7 DBPb7 DBPc7 DBPd7 DBPe7 DBPf7 DBPg7 DBPh7 " Let's see how this might work for the first few moves of a real game... " P05 " White opens by moving his Pawn to square e4, so we write " P05 MWPe2e4 " e4 " P05 " Black responds by moving his Pawn to square e5, so we write " P05 MBPe7e5 " e5 " P05 " White moves his Knight to square f3, so we write " P05 MWNg1f3 " Nf3 " P05 " and Black moves his Knight to square c6, so we write " P05 MBNb8c6 " Nc6 " P05 " White attacks by moving his Bishop to b5, so we write " P05 MWBf1b5 " Bb5 " P05 " Black threatens that Bishop by moving his Pawn from a7 to a6 " P05 MBPa7a6 " a6 " P05 " And White moves the Bishop out of harm's way. " P05 MWBb5a4 " Ba4 " P05 " Black takes this opportunity to develop his other Knight " P05 MBNg8f6 " Nf6 " P05 " Standard Chess Notation uses an 'x' to indicate a capture. " P05 " For example, using the White Bishop to capture the Black Knight on square c6 would be written as " P10 MWBa4c6 " Bxc6 " P05 " When a Pawn makes a capture, we also write down the file it starts on... " P05 MBPd7c6 " dxc6 (the Pawn started on the d-file) " P05 " Going back to our game, White moves his d-Pawn one square forward... " P05 MWPd2d3 " d3 " P05 " And Black responds by giving check with his Bishop... " P05 MBBf8b4 " Check! " P05 " When a move places the other side in check, we put a '+' at the end. So this move would be written as... " P05 " Bb4+ " P05 " Sometimes, identical pieces can move to the same square. " P05 GWNd2 " For example, White can remove the threat to his King by moving a Knight to d2 " P05 " Unfortunately, Nd2 doesn't tell us which White Knight was moved. (Was it the Knight on f3 or the Knight on b1?) " P10 " When identical pieces can move to the same square, Standard Chess Notation tells us to do the following... " P10 " If both pieces start on the SAME file, put the staring rank (1 - 8) right after the name of the piece. " P10 " Otherwise, put the starting file (a - h) right after the name of the piece. " P10 " In this case, the two White Knights are on DIFFERENT files, so we write " P05 MWNf3d2 " Nfd2 (starting file after the piece name) " P05 " Castling Kingside is written O-O. Castling Queenside is written as O-O-O. " P05 MBKe8g8 MBRh8f8 " O-O (Black castles kingside) " P05 MWKe1g1 MWRh1f1 " O-O (White castles kingside) " P10 C DBKc8 DWKe1 DWPe7 DWRh1 DWRa6 " When a promotion occurs, we write the letter of the new piece at the end of the move " P05 MWPe7e8 P01 DWQe8 " e8Q+ (the new Queen checks the Black King) " P05 MBKc8c7 " Kc7 " P05 " When a move causes checkmate, we write an extra '+' at the end of it. " P05 MWRh1h7 " Rh7++ " P10 " Now you have all the information you need to read and understand chess games which have been recorded using Standard Chess Notation. Enjoy!! " P10 C Z